Remember to indent after the first line of each bibliographic entry AND the first line of each footnote.
Here are some examples for your quick reference. For details, please refer to CMOS17 Chapter 14.
| Book with 1-3 Authors | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music. 9th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2014. |
| Footnote: | 1. Peter J. Burkholder, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca, A History of Western Music, 9th ed. (New York: W.W. Norton, 2014), 20-21. 2. Burkholder, Grout, and Palisca, A History, 32. |
| Book with 4 or More Authors | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Frith, Simon, Matt Brennan, Martin Cloonan, and Emma Webster. The History of Live Music in Britain, Vol. 1. New York: Routledge, 2013. |
| Footnote: | 1. Simon Frith et al., The History of Live Music in Britain, Vol. 1 (New York: Routledge, 2013), 10-11. 2. Frith et al., The History, 32. |
| * Note: | In the bibliography, list all authors. In the footnote, cite only the last name of the first author followed by et al. (CMOS 14.76). |
| Book with an Editor | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Latham, Alison, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Musical Terms. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. |
| Footnote: | 1. Alison Latham, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Musical Terms (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 20-21. 2. Latham, Oxford Dictionary, 32. |
| * Note: | No need to include ed. in subsequent footnote citations of the same source. |
| Book with an Author, plus Editors/Translators | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Fendeĭzen, Nikolai. History of Music in Russia from Antiquity to 1800. Translated by Samuel William Pring. Edited by Miloš Velimirović and Claudia R. Jensen. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008. |
| Footnote: | 1. Nikolai Fendeĭzen, History of Music in Russia from Antiquity to 1800, trans. Samuel William Pring, ed. Miloš Velimirović and Claudia R. Jensen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 20-21. 2. Fendeĭzen, History of Music in Russia, 32. |
| * Note: | (1) In the bibliography, "edited by" is spelled out. However, in the footnote, the abbreviated form "ed." is used (CMOS 14.105). (2) When there are both editors and translators, record them in the order as appeared on the title page of the source (CMOS 14.104). |
| Chapter in an Edited Book | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Campbell, Edward. "French Music and the East: Colonising the Sound of an Empire." In The Orient in Music: Music of the Orient, edited by Magorzata Grajter, 60-75. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017. |
| Footnote: | 1. Edward Campbell, "French Music and the East," in The Orient in Music: Music of the Orient, ed. Magorzata Grajter (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017), 61-62. 2. Campbell, "French Music and the East," 70. |
| Chapter in a Festschrift | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Bianco, Anna. "From the Art Collection of Ton Koopman: A Possible Portrait of Francesco Saverio Geminiani." In Studies in Baroque: Festscrhfit Ton Koopman, edited by Albert Clement, 75-101. Bonn: Dr. J. Butz, 2014. |
| Footnote: | 1. Anna Bianco, "From the Art Collection of Ton Koopman: A Possible Portrait of Francesco Saverio Geminiani," in Studies in Baroque: Festscrhfit Ton Koopman, ed. Albert Clement (Bonn: Dr. J. Butz, 2014), 75-76. 2. Bianco, "From the Art Collection of Ton Koopman," 101. |
| * Note: | Citing a chapter in a Festschrift follows the same guidelines for a book chapter. |
| Book in a Book Series | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Belkind, Nili. Music in Conflict: Palestine, Israel and the Politics of Aesthetic Production. SOAS Studies in Music. Abingdon: Routledge, 2021. |
| Footnote: | 1. Nili Belkind, Music in Conflict: Palestine, Israel and the Politics of Aesthetic Production, SOAS Studies in Music (Abingdon: Routledge, 2021), 25. 2. Belkind, Music in Conflict, 30. |
| * Note: | (1) Series title is capitalized headline-style and not italicized (CMOS 14.123). (2) For numbered series, the number follows the series title without intervening comma unless vol. or no. is used (CMOS 14.123). |
| E-Book | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Walls, Peter, ed. Baroque Music. London: Routledge, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315096643. |
| Footnote: | 1. Peter Walls, ed., Baroque Music (London: Routledge, 2016), 20-21, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315096643. 2. Walls, Baroque Music, 32. |
| * Note: | (1) Opt for direct link to the source (e.g. DOI) rather than a link to the library's catalogue or a URL copied from the address bar of a browser (CMOS 14.8). (2) Do not include the access date unless the date of publication cannot be determined from the source or required by your instructor, publisher or discipline (CMOS 14.12). (3) If no year of publication can be ascertained, insert n.d. in the place of the year (CMOS 14.145) and add an access date (CMOS 14.12). |
| E-Book with No Publication Date | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Walls, Peter, ed. Baroque Music. London: Routledge, n.d. Accessed November 18, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315096643. |
| Footnote: | 1. Peter Walls, ed., Baroque Music (London: Routledge, n.d.), 20-21, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315096643. 2. Walls, Baroque Music, 32. |
| * Note: | If no year of publication can be ascertained, insert n.d. in the place of the year (CMOS 14.145) and add an access date (CMOS 14.12). |
| Book that is Forthcoming, Not Yet Published | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Walls, Peter, ed. Baroque Music. London: Routledge, forthcoming. |
| Footnote: | 1. Peter Walls, ed., Baroque Music (London: Routledge, forthcoming). 2. Walls, Baroque Music. |
| * Note: | If the publication is forthcoming, enter forthcoming as the year element (CMOS 14.146). |
Note the followings for journal articles.
| Journal Article with 1-3 Authors | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Brandenburg, Sieghard, and William Drabkin. “Viewpoint: On Beethoven Scholars and Beethoven’s Sketches.” 19th-Century Music 2, no. 3 (March 1979): 270–76. |
| Footnote: | 1. Sieghard Brandenburg and William Drabkin, "Viewpoint: On Beethoven Scholars and Beethoven’s Sketches," 19th-Century Music 2, no. 3 (March 1979): 270. 2. Brandenburg and Drabkin, "Viewpoint: On Beethoven Scholars and Beethoven’s Sketches," 274. |
| * Note: | (1) If all elements are provided (volume, issue number and month/season): Journal Title volume, no. issue (month year): page range. E.g. 19th-Century Music 2, no. 3 (March 1979): 270-76. (2) If only volume and issue information is provided: Journal Title volume, no. issue (year): page range. E.g. 19th-Century Music 2, no. 3 (1979): 270-76. (3) If only the issue number is provided: Journal Title no. issue (year), page range. E.g. 19th-Century Music, no. 3 (1979): 270-76. |
| Journal Article with 4 or More Authors | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Stuhl, Andy Kelleher, Alexandra Hui, Alexander Russo, and Amy Skjerseth. "Sounds of Accompaniment: Transcript from an SCMS 2022 Panel on Music, Technology, and Labor." Journal of Popular Music Studies 34, no. 3 (September 2022): 6-29. |
| Footnote: | 1. Andy Kelleher Stuhl et al., "Sounds of Accompaniment: Transcript from an SCMS 2022 Panel on Music, Technology, and Labor," Journal of Popular Music Studies 34, no. 3 (September 2022): 10. 2. Stuhl et al., "Sounds of Accompaniment," 20. |
| * Note: | (1) In the bibliography, include all authors. In the footnote, list only the last name of the first author followed by et al. (CMOS 14.76). (2) If all elements are provided (volume, issue number and month/season): Journal Title volume, no. issue (month year): page range. E.g. Journal of Popular Music Studies 34, no. 3 (September 2022): 6-29. (3) If only volume and issue information is provided: Journal Title volume, no. issue (year): page range. E.g. Journal of Popular Music Studies 34, no. 3 (2022): 6-29. (4) If only the issue number is provided: Journal Title, no. issue (year): page range. E.g. Journal of Popular Music Studies, no. 3 (2022): 6-29. |
| E-Journal Article | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Brandenburg, Sieghard, and William Drabkin. “Viewpoint: On Beethoven Scholars and Beethoven’s Sketches.” 19th-Century Music 2, no. 3 (March 1979): 270–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/3519805. |
| Footnote: | 1. Sieghard Brandenburg and William Drabkin, "Viewpoint: On Beethoven Scholars and Beethoven’s Sketches," 19th-Century Music 2, no. 3 (March 1979): 270, https://doi.org/10.2307/3519805. 2. Brandenburg and Drabkin, "Viewpoint: On Beethoven Scholars and Beethoven’s Sketches," 274. |
| * Note: | (1) Opt for a direct link to the source (e.g. DOI) rather than a link to the library's catalogue or a URL copied from the address bar of a browser (CMOS 14.8). (2) Do not include the access date unless the date of publication cannot be determined from the source or required by your instructor, publisher or discipline (CMOS 14.12). (3) If no year of publication can be ascertained, insert n.d. in the place of the year (CMOS 14.145) and add an access date (CMOS 14.12). |
The citation elements and formats for databases and websites are similar to that for books. For details, please refer to CMOS17 Chapter 14.
| Article in Grove Music Online (As a Signed Article) | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Kerman, Joseph, Alan Tyson, Scott G. Burnham, Douglas Johnson, and William Drabkin. "Beethoven, Ludwig van." In Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40026. |
| Footnote: | 1. Joseph Kerman et al., "Beethoven, Ludwig van," in Grove Music Online (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40026. 2. Kerman et al., "Beethoven." |
| * Note: |
(1) Opt for a direct link to the source (e.g. DOI) rather than a link to the library's catalogue or a URL copied from the address bar of a browser (CMOS 14.8). |
| Article in Grove Music Online (As an Alphabetical Entry) | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Grove Music Online, s.v. "Beethoven, Ludwig van." Accessed November 18, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40026. |
| Footnote: | 1. Grove Music Online, s.v. "Beethoven, Ludwig van," accessed November 18, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40026. 2. Grove Music Online, "Beethoven." |
| * Note: | (1) s.v. (sub verbo) means the item is cited under the word in an alphabetically arranged work (CMOS 14.232). (2) Opt for a direct link to the source (e.g. DOI) rather than a link to the library's catalogue or a URL copied from the address bar of a browser (CMOS 14.8). (3) Do not include the access date unless the date of publication or revision for the cited entry cannot be determined from the source (CMOS 14.233). (4) If no date of publication or revision can be ascertained, insert the access date (CMOS 14.233). (5) For details about citing a signed article in a reference work, see CMOS 14.234. |
| Article in MGG Online (As a Signed Article) | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Schubert, Giselher. 2021. "Hindemith, Paul." In MGG Online. Bärenreiter-Verlag, 2021. https://www.mgg-online.com/mgg/stable/395530. |
| Footnote: | 1. Giselher, Schubert, "Hindemith, Paul," in MGG Online (Kassel: Bärenreiter-Verlag, 2021), https://www.mgg-online.com/mgg/stable/395530. 2. Schubert, "Hindemith." |
| * Note: | (1) Opt for a direct link to the source (e.g. DOI) rather than a link to the library's catalogue or a URL copied from the address bar of a browser (CMOS 14.8). (2) Do not include the access date unless the date of publication or revision for the cited entry cannot be determined from the source (CMOS 14.233). (3) If no date of publication or revision can be ascertained, insert the access date (CMOS 14.233). |
For details, please refer to CMOS 14.207.
| Webpage within a Website | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Phamox Music. "African Musicians." Phamox Music: Music is Life and Life is Music!!! Accessed November 18, 2022. https://phamoxmusic.com/category/musicians/african-musicians. |
| Footnote: | 1. "African Musicians," Phamox Music: Music is Life and Life is Music!!!, Phamox Music, accessed November 18, 2022, https://phamoxmusic.com/category/musicians/african-musicians. 2. "African Musicians." |
| * Note: | If no date of publication or revision can be determined from the website, insert the access date (CMOS 14.207). |
| Wikipedia Entry | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Wikipedia, s.v. "Inuit Throat Singing." Last modified September 11, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_throat_singing. |
| Footnote: | 1. Wikipedia, s.v. "Inuit Throat Singing," last modified September 11, 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_throat_singing. 2. Wikipedia, "Inuit Throat Singing." |
| * Note: | (1) Wikipedia is treated as the title of the website rather than a conventional encyclopedia. Thus, it is set in roman, not italics. (2) The date of modification is indicated at the bottom of the wiki page and is therefore included in the citation. No access date is needed (CMOS 14.207). |
| Blog Post | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Oteri, Frank J. "Tania León: The Rhythm of Life." NewMusicBox (blog). New Music USA, December 7, 2022. https://newmusicusa.org/nmbx/tania-leon-the-rhythm-of-life. |
| Footnote: | 1. Frank J. Oteri, "Tania León: The Rhythm of Life," NewMusicBox (blog), New Music USA, December 7, 2022, https://newmusicusa.org/nmbx/tania-leon-the-rhythm-of-life. 2. Oteri, "Tania León." |
| * Note: | (1) Title of the post in quotation marks. (2) Title of the blog in italics. (3) If the blog is part of a larger publication, include the name of that publication. (4) Include the date of the post. (5) For details about citing a blog post, see CMOS 14.208. |
Citing scores is similar to that for books. For details, please refer to CMOS17 Chapter 14.
| Score | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Beethoven, Ludwig van. Diabelli-Variationen, Opus 120. Fingering by Walter Georgii. München: Henle, 1989. |
| Footnote: | 1. Ludwig van Beethoven, Diabelli-Variationen, Opus 120 (München: Henle, 1989). 2. Beethoven, Diabelli-Variationen, 1989. |
| Online Score | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Takemitsu, Toru. Stanza I (1969). London: Universal Edition, 1973. Music Online: Classical Scores Library. |
| Footnote: | 1. Toru Takemitsu, Stanza I (1969) (London: Universal Edition, 1973). Music Online: Classical Scores Library. 2. Takemitsu, Stanza I, 1973. |
| * Note: | When the source is available through a subscription or library account, name the database in lieu of a URL (CMOS 14.11). |
| Score from complete works | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: |
Busnoys, Antoine. "Missa l'homme armé." In The Latin-Texted Works, edited by Richard Taruskin, 110-160. Part 2 of Antoine Busnoys Collected Works. New York: Broude Trust, [2000?]. |
| Footnote: |
1. Antoine Busnoys, "Missa l'homme armé," in Antoine Busnoys Collected Works, ed. Richard Taruskin (New York: Broude Trust, [2000?]), 2:110-160. 2.Busnoys, "Missa l'home armé," 130. |
| * Note: |
A score from a complete work edition (i.e. specific parts of individual volumes of multivolume books) follows essentially the same style as a chapter of a book (CMOS 14.120). |
Depending on the purpose of the sound recording citation, you may put the composer or the performer as the author. Below are some of the specific elements that should be included (where applicable). For details, please refer to CMOS17 14.261 and 14.263.
| CD (For a Whole Recording) | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Britten, Benjamin. Peter Grimes. Orchestra and Chorus of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Benjamin Britten. With Peter Pears, Claire Watson, James Pease, David Kelly, et al. Recorded December 1958. Decca 467 682-2, 2001, 2 compact discs. |
| Footnote: | 1. Benjamin Britten, Peter Grimes, with Orchestra and Chorus of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, conducted by Benjamin Britten, and Peter Pears, Claire Watson, James Pease, David Kelly, et al. (vocalists), recorded December 1958, Decca 467 682-2, 2001, 2 compact discs. 2. Britten, Peter Grimes, 1958. |
| * Note: | Here Benjamin Britten is both the composer and conductor, hence appearing twice in the citation. |
| LP (Individual Track Featuring the Composer) | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Shostakovich, Dmitry. "Violin Concerto No. 1 in A Minor, Op. 99." On Midori, Claudio Abbado, Berlin Philharmonic: Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto in D Major, Op. 35, Shostakovich Violin Concerto No. 1 in A Minor, Op 99. Berlin Philharmonic, Midori Goto, violinist, and Claudio Abbado, conductor. Recorded 1998. Sony Classical 827969308820, 2004. LP. |
| Footnote: | 1. Dmitry Shostakovich, "Violin Concerto No. 1 in A Minor, Op. 99," on Midori, Claudio Abbado, Berlin Philharmonic: Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto in D Major, Op. 35, Shostakovich Violin Concerto No. 1 in A Minor, Op. 99, Berlin Philharmonic, Midori Goto, violinist, and Claudio Abbado, conductor, recorded 1998, Sony Classical 827969308820, 2004, LP. 2. Shostakovich, "Violin Concerto," 1998. |
| Streaming Audio (Individual Track Featuring the Performer) | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Goto, Midori, violinist. "Violin Concerto No. 1 in A Minor, Op. 99," by Dmitry Shostakovich. On Midori, Claudio Abbado, Berlin Philharmonic: Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto in D Major, Op. 35, Shostakovich Violin Concerto No. 1 in A Minor, Op. 99. Recorded 1998. Sony Classical 827969308820, 2004, streaming audio. Naxos Music Library. |
| Footnote: | 1. Midori Goto, violinist, "Violin Concerto No. 1 in A Minor, Op. 99," by Dmitry Shostakovich, on Midori, Claudio Abbado, Berlin Philharmonic: Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto in D Major Op. 35, Shostakovich Violin Concerto No. 1 in A Minor, Op. 99, recorded 1998, Sony Classical 827969308820, 2004, streaming audio, Naxos Music Library. 2. Goto, "Violin Concerto," 1998. |
| * Note: | (1) List the service or the file format (CMOS 14.263). (2) When the source is available through a subscription or library account, name the database in lieu of a URL (CMOS 14.11). |
Here are some examples for your quick reference. For details, please refer to CMOS17 Chapter 14.265.
| DVD | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Tan, Dun. Tea: A Mirror of Soul: Opera in Three Acts. Directed by Pierre Audi. Bass-Baritone Chorus of the Netherlands Opera, NHK Symphony Orchestra. With Haijing Fu, Nancy Allen Lundy, Christopher Gillett, Ning Liang, and Stephen Richardson (vocalists). Recorded October 2002. Hamburg: Deutsche Grammophone, 2004. DVD, 148 min. |
| Footnote: | 1. Dun Tan, Tea: A Mirror of Soul: Opera in Three Acts, directed by Pierre Audi, Bass-Baritone Chorus of the Netherlands Opera, NHK Symphony Orchestra, with Haijing Fu, Nancy Allen Lundy, Christopher Gillett, Ning Liang, and Stephen Richardson (vocalists), recorded October 2002 (Hamburg: Deutsche Grammophone, 2004), DVD, 148 min. 2. Tan, Tea, 2002. |
| Streaming Video | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | World Music. Musicians in Brazil (1). Directed by Chronis Pechlivanidis and Angeliki Aristomenopoulou. Onos Productions, 2008. Streaming video, 50:24. medici.tv. |
| Footnote: | 1. World Music. Musicians in Brazil (1), directed by Chronis Pechlivanidis and Angeliki Aristomenopoulou. Onos Productions, 2008, streaming video, 50:24, medici.tv. 2. World Music, 2008. |
| * Note: | (1) List the service or the file format at the end (CMOS 14.263). (2) When the source is available through a subscription or library account, name the database in lieu of a URL (CMOS 14.11). |
| YouTube Video | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Javanese Gamelan Ensemble. "Pelog Barang - Singa Nebah (The Pouncing Lion)." Northern Illinois University School of Music. Posted on January 24, 2014. YouTube video, 03:01. https://youtu.be/p3HwqqiVxbE. |
| Footnote: | 1. Javanese Gamelan Ensemble, "Pelog Barang - Singa Nebah (The Pouncing Lion)," Northern Illinois University School of Music, posted on January 24, 2014, YouTube video, 03:01, https://youtu.be/p3HwqqiVxbE. 2. Javanese Gamelan Ensemble, "Pelog Barang - Singa Nebah," 2014. |
Generally, cite the sound recording as usual and add "Liner notes" at the end. For a signed liner note, cite by the author's name, followed by the title (if applicable).
| Unsigned Liner Notes | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Ravel, Gershwin: Piano concertos. Dennis Kozhukhin, pianist, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, Kazuki Yamada, conductor. Recorded July 2017. Pentatone PTC 5186 620, 2018, SACD. Liner notes. |
| Footnote: | 1. Ravel, Gershwin: Piano concertos, with Dennis Kozhukhin (piano), Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, conducted by Kazuki Yamada, recorded July 2017, Pentatone PTC 5186 620, 2018, SACD. Liner notes, [5]. 2. Ravel, Gershwin: Piano concertos, [8]. |
| * Note: | The liner notes booklet here is unpaged. In this case, count the pages, cite the page number as usual and put brackets around it. |
| Signed Liner Notes | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Row, Grace. "To the Edge of Dream." On To the Edge of Dream: Esa-Pekka Salonen: Messiaen, Takemitsu, Lutoslawski. 1986. Sony Classical SMK 53473, 1993, compact disc. Liner notes. |
| Footnote: | 1. Grace Row, "To the Edge of Dream," on To the Edge of Dream: Esa-Pekka Salonen: Messiaen, Takemitsu, Lutoslawski, 1986, Sony Classical SMK 53473, 1993, compact disc, liner notes, 4. 2. Row, "To the Edge of Dream," 5. |
| Online Signed Liner Notes | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Niels, Elger. "Sergei Rachmaninov," by Sergei Rachmaninov. On Sergei Rachmaninov: Piano Concertos 1 & 4. Alexander Ghindin, pianist, Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, and Vladimir Ashkenazy, conductor. Recorded March 2001. Ondine ODE977-2, 2001, streaming audio. Naxos Music Library. Liner notes. |
| Footnote: | 1. Elger Niels, "Sergei Rachmaninov," by Sergei Rachmaninov, on Sergei Rachmaninov: Piano Concertos 1 & 4, with Alexander Ghindin (piano), Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Vladimir Ashkenazy, recorded March 2001, Ondine ODE977-2, 2001, streaming audio, Naxos Music Library, liner notes, 3-4. 2. Niels, "Sergei Rachmaninov," 9. |
As stated in the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)'s position statement, AI tools do not hold authorship as it cannot take responsibility for the work they generated. Yet, it is still necessary to credit if using AI-generated text in papers or assignments. Cite it in a footnote/endnote, but not in the bibliography unless a publicly available link is provided. For details, please refer to CMOS17 FAQ.
|
When the prompt has been included in the body of the paper |
|
|---|---|
|
Bibliography: |
(Do not include it in the bibliography.) |
|
Footnote: |
1. Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, February 14, 2024, https://chat.openai.com/chat. |
|
* Notes: |
(1) The generative AI tool, ChatGPT, appears as the "author" in the citation. (2) The company that devleoped the generative AI tool, OpenAI, takes the place as the "publisher." (3) The date is when the text was generated by AI. (4) The URL is optional. Since the unique URLs assigned to ChatGPT's conversations are specific to the user's login and are not publicly accessible, it is not a required element in the citation. |
|
When the prompt has not been included in the body of the paper |
|
|---|---|
|
Bibliography: |
(Do not include it in the bibliography.) |
|
Footnote: |
1. Gemini, response to "List all countries in Southeast Asia that have been colonized by Britain," Google, February 14, 2024. |
|
When the AI-generated text has been edited when incorporating into the paper |
|
|---|---|
|
Bibliography: |
(Do not include it in the bibliography.) |
|
Footnote: |
1. Gemini, response to "List all countries in Southeast Asia that have been colonized by Britain," Google, February 14, 2024, edited for style and content. |
|
* Notes: |
Add at the end of the footnote "edited for style and content." |
CMOS17 suggests citing archival materials the same way as that for personal papers and other historical manuscripts (CMOS 14.221). For more examples, see CMOS 14.229 for notes and 14.230 for bibliography entries.
| An item in a fonds | |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Emmy Heim Fonds. University of Toronto Music Library. |
| Footnote: |
1. In exile / Karl Rankl, file 08, Music manuscripts, Emmy Heim Fonds, University of Toronto Music Library. 2. Lieder-Abend: Emmy Heim, file 1:03, Programs, Emmy Heim Fonds. |
| * Note: |
(1) For the bibliography, when citing more than one item from a fonds, entries are listed under the name of the fonds as shown in the example above. However, when only one item from a fonds is cited, then the entry will begin with the item (CMOS 14.230). (2) When citing another item from the same fonds (as in the case of footnote no. 2), information of the fonds can be shortened since it has appeared in a previous footnote |
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