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Health Sciences Literature Searching Basics

Useful tips for research

Search operators and parentheses

Boolean operators

  • Boolean operators work in many but not all databases, and not all operators may be available
  • Some databases will have a different syntax to enter an operator, for example in Scopus, NOT is entered as AND NOT
  • Refer to the database help files to find out if and how Boolean operators are supported

Note: Capitalize your operators as a matter of practice. In some platforms or search systems, it does not matter whether you enter them in uppercase or lowercase, but others (like Google Scholar) require them to be in uppercase to work properly.

OR

  • retrieves records that contain at least one of your search terms
  • e.g., (dog OR canine)

AND

  • retrieves records that include all of your search terms
  • e.g., ultrasound AND tuberculosis

NOT

  • retrieves records that contain your first term but exclude your second term
  • e.g., dementia NOT alzheimer's
  • we do not usually recommend that you use NOT in your searches, as you may exclude relevant results

Proximity operators

  • Many bibliographic databases also allow use of proximity operators
  • The operator, if available, is dependent on the database and platform being searched
  • e.g., on the Ovid platform, adjn is used: primary adj3 care
  • Please see the database-specific operators and search fields

Parentheses/brackets

Use parentheses to set the order of execution of the Boolean logic. Parentheses work in most but not all systems (e.g., they work on the Ovid, PubMed, EBSCOhost, ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science platforms, but they are ignored in Google and Google Scholar)

e.g., (chest OR thorax OR thoracic) AND (imaging OR radiographs OR radiography)

Truncation symbols are shortcut characters which can help to include variations of your text word without having to type each variation into the search separately. This feature is also known as stemming. The asterisk is the most common truncation symbol.

Depending on the platform you are using to search a given database (e.g., EBSCOhost, Ovid, ProQuest), other truncation and wildcard symbols may be available to use, for example, within words. Please see the database-specific operators and fields for more information.

Asterisk

*

Depending on the database or platform, use before (uncommon feature, available in Web of Science and Scopus, for example), within (as a wildcard, depends on database/platform), or at the end of a word root or string (most common option) to replace zero to multiple characters. For more information, please see the search tips (below or within the database/platform help files) on wildcard/truncation options available in commonly used databases or platforms in health sciences

e.g. computer* retrieves computer, computers, computerised, computerized, etc.

Advanced searching tips

The database-specific operators and fields are provided for researchers interested in applying more advanced techniques to their searches.

Advanced search techniques can include quotations to force phrase searching or to turn off lemmatization (this is database-dependent), truncation, wildcards, proximity operators, and specifying search fields (such as title, subject, etc.), Boolean logic, and use of parentheses to force the proper execution of Boolean logic.

CINAHL (EBSCOhost) search tips

Truncation/ Wildcards
*
At the end of string of characters, retrieves all variations starting with that string; can also be used within words to find multiple characters, or between words to replace a single word
e.g. computer* retrieves computer, computers, computerised, etc.
within a word to replace a single character
e.g. standardi?ed retrieves standardised or standardized
Note: Question marks at the end of a word are NOT treated as wildcards; they are automatically removed
#
within a word or at the end of a word to replace zero or one character
e.g. colo#r retrieves color, colour
Phrases/ Parentheses
“ “
Finds exact expression; by default, CINAHL will search for keywords in the entered order even if no quotes are used
e.g. “occupational therap*” will give the same number of results as occupational therap*
 
()
specifies the order of the search
e.g. (urban OR city) AND freshwater
Proximity operators
Nn
Near operator
Retrieves records that contain your terms (in any order) with up to n words between them
e.g. (decision* N3 (aid* OR support*)) retrieves records that contain phrases with up to three words between decision and either aid* or support*, in either direction.
 
Wn
Within operator
Finds the words if they are within n words of one another and in the order in which you entered them.
e.g. primary W3 care finds records with phrases in which primary precedes care with three or fewer words between them.
 
Note: To use proximity operators in CINAHL, uncheck "Suggest Subject Headings" if entering an unqualified search (i.e., the default, if you have not selected specific fields to search) or specify the TI OR AB fields in your search query
e.g., TI (decision* N3 (aid* OR support* OR tool*)) OR AB (decision* N3 (aid* OR support* OR tool*))
Search fields (examples)

Default "Select a field (optional)" (i.e., unqualified searching): Searches Title, abstract, subject headings, PubMed IDs (PMIDs), Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs), Authors

  • Note: To execute unqualified searches properly, uncheck "Suggest Subject Headings"

Field codes should be capitalized

TX: All Text (in CINAHL Plus with Full Text, this field will search full text available in the database, not the full text of every report included in CINAHL)

TI: Title

e.g., TI ("primary care" OR "primary health care" OR "primary healthcare") 

AU: Author

AF: Author affiliation

AB: Abstract

e.g., AB ("primary care" OR "primary health care" OR "primary healthcare") 

PT: Publication type

MH: Subject heading

MM: Major subject heading

MJ: Word in major subject heading or subheading (for subheadings, use two-letter code)

MW: Word in subject heading or subheading (for subheadings, use two-letter code)

e.g., To search for records containing the free floating subheadings for diagnosis or ultrasound: (MW "DI" OR "US")

JN: Publication name (exact)

e.g., JN American journal of nursing retrieves the articles published in American journal of nursing

PY: Year of publication

e.g., PY 2000 retrieves articles published in 2000

SO: Words in publication name

e.g., SO art therapy retrieves records published in the International Journal of Art Therapy OR the Journal of the American Art Therapy Association etc.

SU: Subject fields (search terms within subject headings fields, including major subject headings or minor subject headings)

Multiple search fields: Combine with OR

e.g., TI ("primary care" OR "primary health care" OR "primary healthcare") OR AB ("primary care" OR "primary health care" OR "primary healthcare") 

Subject headings

CINAHL Headings

Explode

Represented by the + sign at the end of the subject heading: Expands results to include records with the subject heading you originally selected, PLUS all of the narrower subject headings beneath it

e.g., (MH "Pregnancy in Diabetes+") will search for records indexed with "Pregnancy in Diabetes" OR "Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational" OR "Fetal Macrosomia" 

Major concept

Represented by MM (instead of MH): Retrieves articles in which indexers consider your topic to be of major significance

e.g., (MM "Pregnancy in Diabetes"); can be combined with Explode, e.g., (MM "Pregnancy in Diabetes+")

Cochrane Library search tips

To use these operators and fields, go to advanced search > Select search manager tab

Tips for searching the Cochrane Library

Truncation/ Wildcards
*
Use to replace one or more characters at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sequence of letters
e.g. computer* retrieves computer, computers, computerised, etc.
 
Use to match 0 or 1 character within or at the end of a word
e.g., standardi?ed retrieves standardised or standardized
e.g., colo?r retrieves color, colour
e.g., system? retrieves system or systems but does not retrieve systematic or systemic
Phrases/ Parentheses
“ “
Finds exact phrase
e.g., "cardiovascular disease"
Note: phrase searching using quotations does NOT support the use of truncation or wildcards; use NEXT in such cases
e.g., cardiovascular NEXT disease*
 
NEXT
Use next in between terms within a phrase to search for phrases that include truncation or wildcards
e.g., hearing NEXT aid?
 
( )
Called nesting; specifies the order of execution of the Boolean logic in the search string
e.g. (urban OR city) AND freshwater
If nesting is not used, the order of precedence is as follows:
All NOT operations first
All AND operations second
All OR operations last
Boolean operators

AND

OR

NOT

Proximity operators
NEAR, NEAR/x
Near operator
Retrieves records that contain your terms (in any order) within a specified number (n) of words of each other; the default is 6 words if left unspecified
 
e.g. lung NEAR cancer* retrieves records that contain the words lung and cancer* with a maximum of 6 words in between
e.g., primary NEAR/2 care retrieves records that contain the words primary and care with a maximum of 2 words in between
Search fields (examples)

No field specified: Searches all fields, including full text when available (e.g., full text of Cochrane Reviews)

:ti Title

e.g., screening:ti

:ab Abstract

:kw Keywords (includes MeSH terms but does not allow for term explosion)

:au Author

:pt Publication type (used in CENTRAL only)

e.g., journal:pt

:so Source (title of journal, conference name, report name, etc.)

:crg Cochrane Review Group

e.g., "Airways":crg

Multifield searching: Separate the field tags with commas:

:ti,ab,kw

Subject headings

​MeSH

Use the MeSH Tab to search the thesaurus

MeSH terms are assigned to Cochrane Reviews and Trials from MEDLINE

Note: Not necessary to use MeSH terms if you are already using the same MeSH terms in a MEDLINE search for the same project (e.g., if conducting a systematic review and searching multiple databases) -- they are redundant

Embase (Ovid) search tips

Tips for searching Embase (Ovid)

Truncation/
Wildcards
* or $
at the end of string retrieves all suffix variations. 
e.g., computer* retrieves computer, computers, computerised, etc.
$n
at the end of string retrieves suffix variations of n letters
e.g., hospital$1 retrieves hospital or hospitals (but not hospitalized)
#
within a word or at end of word to replace a single character
e.g., wom#n retrieves woman, women
?
within a word or at the end of a word to replace zero or one character
e.g., colo?r retrieves color, colour
Phrase/
Parentheses
" "
Use straight quotes to force the database to search for a phrase, i.e., your search terms in the entered sequence
No quotations generally required for phrase searching on Ovid: Phrases are searched as entered, by default
Exceptions: Use straight quotes around words or phrases containing the following words: and, or, not; limit, map, route, scope, tree, use
()
specifies the order of execution of the search
e.g., freshwater AND (urban OR city)
 
Proximity and frequency
operators
adjn
retrieves records that contain your terms (in any order) within a specified number (n) of words of each other
n= 1 to 99
e.g., biologist adj5 relationship retrieves records that contain the words biologist and relationship within five words of each other in either order.
 
/freq=n
specifies a term's threshold of occurrence in the records retrieved. Mostly used when you search the full text
e.g., cancer.tw./freq=5 retrieves records in which cancer appears 5 or more times in the .tw. fields (title or abstract)
 
Search fields (examples)

.ab. : Abstract

.au. : Author

.dj.: Candidate terms are "new concepts which are not in Emtree and were proposed during indexing because they were judged to be a useful addition to Emtree";  this field is searched when using .mp.

.in. : Author affiliations. "This information is not standardized and often contains abbreviations. Enter the single most descriptive word in an institution. Consider both full spellings and abbreviations."

e.g., prefer mcgill.in. over mcgill university.in.

.kf. : Words or phrases in author keyword field

.jn. : Exact journal name

e.g., "American journal of human biology: the official journal of the Human Biology Council".jn. retrieves article records from the American journal of human biology: the official journal of the Human Biology Council

.jx.: Word or phrase in journal name

e.g., "american journal of human biology".jn. retrieves article records from the American journal of human biology: the official journal of the Human Biology Council or the American journal of human biology

.mp. : "multi-purpose" (database dependent); in Embase, searches  ti,ab,hw,tn,ot,dm,mf,dv,kf,fx,dq.

.pt. : Publication type

e.g., review.pt.

.sh. : EMTREE (subject headings in Embase); note: this will not include narrower terms of the subject heading in your search, but does include candidate terms (dj), which are not searched when using mapped subject headings

e.g., exp papillomaviridae/ is preferred over papillomaviridae.sh. for comprehensiveness, if you are interested in all forms of papillomaviridae

.ti. : Title

.ti,ab,kf,dj. : Title (ti) or abstract (ab) or author keyword (kf) or candidate terms (dj) in Embase; alternative to .mp. when trying to avoid subject headings that also contain the terms of interest

.tw. : Text word, which is title (ti) or abstract (ab) or drug trade name (tn) in Embase (NOT full text); same as searching .ti,ab,tn. in Embase

.yr. : Year of publication

Subject
headings
exp subject heading/
EMTREE terms exp subject heading/ expands results to include records with the subject heading you originally selected, PLUS all of the narrower subject headings in its family hierarchy
e.g., exp insulin dependent diabetes mellitus/ searches for records indexed with the subject heading insulin dependent diabetes mellitus/ or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults/ (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults/ is a narrower term below insulin dependent diabetes mellitus/ )
*subject heading/
Focusing a subject heading retrieves article records in which indexers consider that subject heading to be of major significance
e.g., *insulin dependent diabetes mellitus/
Note
Explode and focus can be used together or separately
e.g., *insulin dependent diabetes mellitus/ versus exp insulin dependent diabetes mellitus/ versus exp *insulin dependent diabetes mellitus/

ERIC (EBSCOhost) search tips

Tips for searching ERIC on EBSCO

Truncation/
Wildcards
*
At the end of string of characters, retrieves all variations starting with that string; can also be used within words to find multiple characters, or between words to replace a single word
e.g. computer* retrieves computer, computers, computerised, etc.
within a word to replace a single character
e.g. standardi?ed retrieves standardised or standardized
Note: Question marks at the end of a word are NOT treated as wildcards; they are automatically removed
#
within a word or at the end of a word to replace zero or one character
e.g. colo#r retrieves color, colour
Note: Wildcards and Truncation can now be combined
Phrase/
Parentheses
" "
Use quotations to force the database to search for a phrase, i.e., your search terms in the entered sequence
By default, ERIC will search for keywords in the entered order, but quotations are recommended
 
()
specifies the order of execution of the search
e.g., freshwater AND (urban OR city)
 
Proximity operators
Nn
Near operator
Retrieves records that contain your terms (in any order) within a specified number (n) of words of each other
e.g. health N5 education retrieves records that contain the words health and education within five words of each other in either direction.
 
Wn
Within operator
Finds the words if they are within (n) words of one another and in the order in which you entered them.
e.g. health W5 education finds records in which health precedes education by five or fewer words.
Search fields (examples)

Default "Select a field (optional)": Title, Author, Subjects (Descriptors/Identifiers), Institution Name, Core Subjects, and the Abstract Summary

TX: All Text, searches all of ERIC's searchable fields

TI: Title

AU: Author

AB: Abstract

DE: Subject headings/descriptors (phrase indexed) searches exact subject heading descriptors
e.g., DE individual needs

EM: Entry date in the format CCYY

KW: Keywords or identifiers, performs a keyword search for terms describing the article
e.g., KW Abacuses

JN: Journal name, searches exact journal name
e.g., JN Science Teacher retrieves records of articles published in Science Teacher

LA: Language
e.g., LA English

PY: Year of Publication
e.g., PY 2000 retrieves the articles published in 2000

SU: Subject headings/descriptors (word indexed), searches subject headings that briefly describe the item's content
e.g., SU vocational education

Subject
headings
ERIC Thesaurus; use Thesaurus link in top left-hand corner to find descriptors and to include narrower terms (via Explode)

MEDLINE (Ovid) search tips

Truncation/
Wildcards
* or $
at the end of string retrieves all suffix variations
e.g., computer* retrieves computer, computers, computerised, etc.
$n
at the end of string retrieves suffix variations of n letters
e.g., hospital$1 retrieves hospital or hospitals (but not hospitalized)
#
within a word or at end of word to replace a single character
e.g., wom#n retrieves woman, women
?
within a word or at the end of a word to replace zero or one character
e.g., colo?r retrieves color, colour
Phrase/
Parentheses
" "
Use straight quotes to force the database to search for a phrase, i.e., your search terms in the entered sequence
No quotations generally required for phrase searching on Ovid: Phrases are searched as entered, by default
Exceptions: Use straight quotes around words or phrases containing the following words: and, or, not; limit, map, route, scope, tree, use
()
specifies the order of execution of the search
e.g., freshwater AND (urban OR city)
 
Proximity and frequency
operators
adjn
retrieves records that contain your terms (in any order) within a specified number (n) of words of each other
n= 1 to 99
e.g., biologist adj5 relationship retrieves records that contain the words biologist and relationship within five words of each other in either order.
Note: adj retrieves records with words in order as entered while adj1 retrieves records with words in either order.
 
/freq=n
specifies a term's threshold of occurrence in the records retrieved. Mostly used when you search across fields, or in the abstract
e.g., cancer.mp. /freq=5 retrieves records in which cancer appears 5 or more times in the default search fields
 
Search fields (examples)

.ab. : Abstract

.au. : Author

.cl. : Collection

.in. : Institution

.kf. : Words or phrases in author keyword field

.jn. : Journal name

e.g., American journal of human biology.jn. retrieves article records from the American Journal of Human Biology

.mp. : "multi-purpose" (database dependent); in MEDLINE, searches ti,ab,ot,nm,hw,fx,kf,ox,px,rx,ui,sy.

.pt. : Publication type

.sh. : MeSH (subject headings in MEDLINE); note: it is preferred to use subject heading mapping to take advantage of exploding a subject heading to include narrower terms

.so. : Source

.ti. : Title

.ti,ab,kf. : Title or abstract or author keyword IN MEDLINE

.tw. : Text word, which is usually title or abstract (NOT full text)

.yr. : Year of publication

Subject
headings
exp subject heading/
MeSH terms Explode SH expands results to include records with the SH you originally selected, PLUS all of the narrower subject headings in its family hierarchy
e.g., exp diabetes mellitus, type 1/ searches for records indexed with the subject heading diabetes mellitus, type 1/ or wolfram syndrome/ (wolfram syndrome/ is a narrower term below diabetes mellitus, type 1/)
*subject heading/
Focusing a subject heading retrieves article records in which indexers consider that subject heading to be of major significance
e.g., *diabetes mellitus, type 1/
Note
Explode and focus can be used together or separately
e.g., *diabetes mellitus, type 1/ versus exp diabetes mellitus, type 1/ versus exp *diabetes mellitus,type 1/

Ovid Help: Command Line Syntax, Truncation and Wildcards, Query and Set Operators, Postqualification of Search Sets

ProQuest (platform) search tips

Suggested database on ProQuest:

Truncation/ Wildcards

*

At the end or in the middle of a string retrieves variations of a search term (replaces up to 5 characters)

[*n] is used to denote how many characters you want to truncate

e.g., computer* retrieves  computer, computers, computerised, etc., but not computerization (need to search computer[*9] for the latter to be picked up); colo*r retrieves color, colour, colocator

e.g., econom[*2] retrieves economy or economic, but not economies

?

Does not work as described; avoid if possible or test; use only to replace exactly 1 character, do not use to replace 0 or 1 character

Avoid too many truncated terms in a search: Reports that up to 10 truncation symbols in a search is okay, but over may not work

Lemmatization Used by default; to turn off automatic searching for spelling variants and lemmatiziation, use " "
Phrase/ Parentheses
" "
Finds words occurring in exact order as entered
e.g. "occupational therapy"
 
p/0
Reported to use less processing power
e.g., occupational p/0 therap*
 
()
Specifies the order of execution of the Boolean logic in the search
e.g., freshwater AND (urban OR city) retrieves records that contain the word freshwater AND the word urban or records that contain the word freshwater AND the word city
 
Proximity operators

NEAR/n

Retrieves records that  contain your terms (in any order) within a  specified number (n) of words of each other. Defaults to a maximum of four words between your terms.

 e.g. biologist NEAR/5  relationship retrieves records that  contain the words biologist and relationship within five words of each other in either direction.

 

Search fields 

Some search fields are database dependent

To search anywhere in the record, do not specify a search field.

e.g., (tornado* OR hurricane* OR "natural disaster*")

 

Advanced search > Command Line:

 

NOFT: Anywhere except full text

e.g., NOFT("physical therapy")

 

ADV: Advisor - available in ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global

AU: Author

AB: Abstract

FT: Searches for terms in body of the article (note: full text is not necessarily available in ProQuest databases)

LA: Language

e.g., LA(french)

PUB: Publication title

e.g., PUB(wall street journal)

SCH: School name/code - available in ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global

SU: Subjects (all)

TI: Document title

Search across multiple fields in Advanced search > Command Line:

e.g., TIABSU("physical therapy") or TI,AB,SU("physical therapy")

e.g., TISU("physical therapy") or TI,SU("physical therapy")

 

Subject
headings

Database dependent

Note: Long search strings and strategies > 10 lines may crash

More information on searching in ProQuest

APA PsycInfo on Ovid search tips

Truncation/
Wildcards
* or $
at the end of string retrieves all suffix variations
e.g., computer* retrieves computer, computers, computerised, etc.
 
$n
at the end of string retrieves suffix variations of n letters
e.g., hospital$1 retrieves hospital or hospitals (but not hospitalized)
 
#
within a word or at end of word to replace a single character
e.g., wom#n retrieves woman, women
 
?
within a word or at the end of a word to replace zero or one character
e.g., colo?r retrieves color, colour
Phrase/
Parentheses
" "
Use straight quotes to force the database to search for a phrase, i.e., your search terms in the entered sequence
No quotations generally required for phrase searching on Ovid: Phrases are searched as entered, by default
Exceptions: Use straight quotes around words or phrases containing the following words: and, or, not; limit, map, route, scope, tree, use
 
()
specifies the order of execution of the search
e.g., freshwater AND (urban OR city)
 
Proximity and frequency
operators
adjn
retrieves records that contain your terms (in any order) within a specified number (n) of words of each other
n= 1 to 99
e.g., biologist adj5 relationship retrieves records that contain the words biologist and relationship within five words of each other in either order.
 
/freq=n
specifies a term's threshold of occurrence in the records retrieved. Mostly used when you search the full text
e.g., cancer.tw. /freq=5 retrieves records in which cancer appears 5 or more times in the .tw. fields (title or abstract or table of contents or key concepts in APA PsycInfo)
Note: Do not follow the freq operator by a closing bracket
 
Search fields (examples)

.ab. : Abstract

.au. : Author

.id. : Key concepts; used to supplement subject headings

.in. : Institution

.jn. : Journal name (full name of the journal)

e.g., American journal of human biology.jn. retrieves article records from the American Journal of Human Biology

.jw. : Journal word; retrieves all journals including that word in their name

.mp. : "multi-purpose" (database dependent); in APA PsycINFO, searches ti,ab,hw,tc,id,ot,tm,mh

.pt. : Publication type (also available as limits in APA PsycINFO)

.sh. : Searches exact subject headings from the Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms; note: it is preferred to use subject heading mapping to take advantage of exploding a subject heading to include narrower terms (see more on subject headings below)

.so. : Source; "includes a display of all the basic information needed to locate a citation"

.ti. : Title

.ti,ab,id. : Title or abstract or key concepts in APA PsycINFO

.tw. : Title or abstract or table of contents or key concepts in APA PsycINFO (ti,ab,id,tc)

.yr. : Year of publication

Subject
headings
exp subject heading/
"Exploding" a subject heading expands results to include records with the subject heading you originally selected, PLUS all of the narrower subject headings beneath it (i.e., narrower subject headings)
e.g., exp Type 2 Diabetes/ searches for records indexed with the subject headings Type 2 Diabetes/ or Blood Sugar/ (Blood Sugar/ is a narrower term below Type 2 Diabetes/ in APA PsycINFO)
 
*subject heading/
Focusing a subject heading retrieves article records in which indexers consider that subject heading to be a central topic of the report
e.g., *Type 2 Diabetes/
 
Note
Explode and focus can be used together or separately
e.g., *Type 2 Diabetes/  versus  exp Type 2 Diabetes versus  exp *Type 2 Diabetes/

PubMed search tips

 

Truncation/ Wildcards
​*
At the end of a term/phrase, retrieves variations
e.g., computer* retrieves computer, computers, computerised, etc (but not compute).
 
At least four characters must precede the asterisk for the latter to be used in the query
e.g., if you search for rct*, the asterisk will be ignored 
 
Truncating a word turns off automatic term mapping for that word
 
Wildcards within words or within phrases are not supported.
Lemmatization When automatic term mapping is on, lemmatization is applied using tools including the Specialist Lexicon from UMLS
Phrases/ Parentheses
" "
Finds exact expression
e.g., "primary care"
 
You can also find an exact expression by specifying a search tag after the phrase
e.g., primary care[tw]
 
Or by using hyphens between the terms
e.g., primary-care
 
Truncated phrases without quotations, search tags, or hyphens:
 
In the older version of PubMed, searching occupational therap* (without search tags or quotations) would search for the variants of the phrase (e.g., occupational therapy / occupational therapies / occupational therapist / occupational therapists, but not "physical, occupational, and speech therapy", etc.); in the new version of PubMed, occupational therap* will map occupational to relevant MeSH terms and textword variants (or maybe not) then combine that search with AND with therap* variants in all fields: (((((("occupant"[All Fields] OR "occupant s"[All Fields]) OR "occupants"[All Fields]) OR "occupational"[All Fields]) OR "occupations"[MeSH Terms]) OR "occupations"[All Fields]) OR "occupation"[All Fields]) AND "therap*"[All Fields]
 
Note: Phrases may appear in a PubMed record but not be in the phrase index.
 
( )
Specifies the order of execution of the Boolean logic in the search
e.g., freshwater AND (urban OR city)
Proximity 

Search syntax: "Phrasal terms"[Title:~N] where N = maximum number of words appearing between the terms as entered

Available for [Title] / [ti] or [Title/Abstract] / [tiab] searches

Terms for proximity searching must be enclosed in quotations

Turns off automatic term mapping for the terms being searched using proximity

Boolean words and stopwords within the quoted phrase for proximity searching are treated as search terms

Search terms cannot be truncated: Truncation will turn off proximity searching

e.g., "juvenile diabetes"[Title:~3]

e.g., "patient physician relationship"[tiab:~0] OR "patient physician relationships"[tiab:~0]

Note: [tiab:~0] seems useful for finding phrases not included in the PubMed phrase index

Search fields (examples)

Search field codes can be in upper- or lower-case (Boolean operators must be in upper-case)

[mh] or [Mesh] or [MeSH Terms]: MeSH term. Includes narrower terms by default in PubMed

e.g., "ultrasonography"[mesh]

[majr] or [MeSH Major Topic]: MeSH Major Topic (indicated in the list of MeSH terms assigned to a record with an * at the end of the term)

e.g., "ultrasonography"[majr]

[mesh:noexp]: MeSH term excluding narrower terms

[majr:noexp]: MeSH major topic excluding narrower terms

[subheading] or [sh]: Subheading, including narrower subheadings

Can be attached to a MeSH term (availability depends on the MeSH term) or, as listed here, searched as a "floating subheading"

e.g., "diagnosis"[subheading] (versus, e.g., "tuberculosis/diagnosis"[mesh])

[jt]: Full journal title (Note: Use [all] if looking for individual words in the journal title field)

[tiab] or [Title/Abstract]: Title or abstract or author keywords

[tw] or [Text Word]: Title or abstract or author keywords or entry terms (Note: PubMed does not search full text)

[ti] or [Title]: Title

[ot] or [Other Term]: Author keywords

[all] or [All Fields]: All fields available in the record, including author name words, journal words, affiliation

[au] or [Author]: Author field

e.g., Pai M[au] retrieves records listing authors with the first initial M plus other initials following it, and last name Pai

[pdat]:  Publication year

[pt]: Publication type

e.g., "randomized controlled trial"[pt]

Subject headings

MeSH terms

Use quotes around MeSH terms to enforce their exact use

e.g., nursing[mesh] will search for "nursing"[mesh] OR "breast feeding"[mesh], while "nursing"[mesh] will only search for "nursing"[mesh] as a field of care

To explode/include narrower MeSH terms: " "[mesh]
PubMed automatically searches for records indexed with the the MeSH heading you are using as well as the more specific (narrower) terms beneath that heading in the MeSH hierarchy
e.g., "Health Services Accessibility"[mesh] will search for records indexed with "Health Services Accessibility"[mesh] OR "Health Equity"[mesh] OR "Right to Health"[mesh] OR "Universal Health Care"[mesh]
 
To turn off the Explode function: " "[mesh:noexp]
In the MeSH Database entry for the term of interest, check off Do not include MeSH terms found below this term in the MeSH hierarchy if you do not want to include narrower subject headings, or enter [mesh:noexp] after the MeSH term of interest
e.g., "Delivery of Health Care"[mesh:noexp]
 
Major topic: [majr]
Retrieves records for articles in which indexers consider your topic to be a main theme
To use this feature, in the MeSH Database entry for the term of interest, check off Restrict to MeSH Major Topic, or enter [majr] after the MeSH term of interest
e.g., "Delivery of Health Care"[majr] ([majr] can be combined with no exploding as well: "Delivery of Health Care"[majr:noexp])

Scopus search tips

Truncation/ Wildcards

Wildcards can be used anywhere in the word, even at the beginning

Note: Truncation does not disable lemmatization

*

Represents any number of characters, even 0

e.g., computer* retrieves computer OR computers OR computerised OR computerized etc.

Represents any single character

e.g., wom?n retrieves woman OR women

Lemmatization Used by default; searching using lemmatization and equivalents can be turned off with curly brackets { }
Phrase/ Parentheses
 
" "
Finds words occurring in exact order as entered; can be combined with truncation and wildcards
e.g. "occupational therapy"
Note: quotes do not disable lemmatization
 
 
{ }
finds exact expression
  • do not combine with truncation
  • a hyphenated term within squiggly brackets can produce different results from a non-hyphenated term within squiggly brackets
 
( )
Specifies the order of execution of the Boolean logic in the search
e.g., freshwater AND (urban OR city) 
 
Proximity operators

PRE/n

Preceded by n

Retrieves articles that contains your words, in your given order, within a specified number (n) of words of each other

 e.g.  primary PRE/1 *care finds articles in which primary precedes care (or, as also relevant, healthcare) by one or fewer words

 W/n

 Within n

 Replaces the n with a  number to specify the maximum number of words that separate the  terms.

 e.g.,  parent* W/5  relationship* finds articles in which parent and relationship  are no more than 5 words apart

Search fields (examples) 

NO FIELD specified: () = A search of the entire record, including the list of references

AFFIL() = Affiliation fields, including AFFILCITY OR AFFILCOUNTRY OR AFFILORG

ALL() = Searches full record (ABS, AFFIL, ARTNUM, AUTH, AUTHCOLLAB, CHEM, CODEN, CONF, DOI, EDITOR, ISBN, ISSN, ISSUE, KEY, LANGUAGE, MANUFACTURER, PUBLISHER, PUBYEAR, REF, SEQBANK, SEQNUMBER, SRCTITLE, VOLUME, and TITLE)

AUTH () = Author fields, including AUTHLASTNAME OR AUTHFIRST

PUBYEAR = Publication Year

e.g., PUBYEAR > 2009 searches references published in 2010 or later; PUBYEAR < 2011 searches references published in 2010 or earlier; PUBYEAR = 2010 searches references published in 2010

SRCTITLE () = Source title

e.g., SRCTITLE(adolescen*) will retrieve records published in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Journal of Adolescent Research, etc.

TITLE () = Title

e.g., TITLE(Therapy) retrieves records in which therapy (or synonyms, based on system's synonym finder, aka lemmatization dictionary) is in the title

TITLE-ABS-KEY() = Title OR Abstract OR Keywords - searches Title OR Abstract OR Keywords, which includes Author Keywords (AUTHKEY) OR Indexing Terms (INDEXTERMS) OR Trade Names (TRADENAME) OR Chemical Names (CHEMNAME)

Subject
headings

Contained in the INDEXTERMS fields; subject headings do not "explode" (narrower subject headings are not included unless they are explicitly listed in the search)

Includes index terms (subject headings) from the following thesauri:

  • Ei Thesaurus (engineering, technology, physical sciences)
  • Emtree medical terms (life sciences, health sciences)
  • MeSH (life sciences, health sciences)
  • GEOBASE Subject Index (geology, geography, earth and environmental sciences)
  • FLX terms
  • WTA terms (fluid sciences, textile sciences)
  • Regional Index (geology, geography, earth and environmental sciences)
  • Species Index (biology, life sciences)

Web of Science Core Collection search tips

Truncation/ Wildcards
You must enter at least three characters after a wildcard when using left-hand truncation and three characters before a wildcard when using right-hand truncation
 
*
before, within or after word or string to replace multiple characters
e.g., computer* retrieves computer, computers, computerised, etc.
 
?
before, within or after word or string to replace any single character
e.g. wom?n
retrieves woman, women
 
$
before, within or after word or string to replace zero or one character
e.g., colo$r
retrieves color, colour
Lemmatization

Used by default in topic (TS) and title (TI) field searches; lemmatization and stemming are not applied automatically in these fields when search terms contain wildcards

Quotations turn off lemmatization

Phrases/ Parentheses
" "
Use straight quotes (NOT curly quotes) to finds words occurring in exact order as entered; can be combined with truncation and wildcards
e.g. "occupational therapy"
 
Quotations turn off lemmatization
 
()
Specifies the order of execution of the Boolean logic in the search
e.g., freshwater AND (urban OR city)
Boolean operators

AND

OR

NOT

Boolean operators in organizational names: Enclose in quotations

e.g., "Near" East Univ 

e.g., "Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)"

Case of Boolean operators (e.g., AND versus and) does not matter when using search operators in Web of Science

Proximity operators
NEAR/n
Replaces the n with a number to specify the maximum number of words that separate the terms.
e.g., biologist NEAR/5 relationship
Finds articles in which biologist and relationship are no more than 5 terms apart
 
Note: You cannot use NEAR/n in between two sets of terms in which one set contains AND, even if implied: Be sure to enclose phrases in quotations as a result (because spaces between phrase words are otherwise treated as AND)
e.g., TS=((health care OR healthcare) NEAR/3 (setting* OR system*)) will not work as intended because health care is interpreted as health AND care, but TS=(("health care" OR healthcare) NEAR/3 (setting* OR system*)) will
 
SAME
In address searches, use SAME to restrict your search to terms that appear in the same address within a full record
e.g., AD= ("Family Medicine" SAME McGill)
Retrieves records in which "Family Medicine" appears in the same address field as McGill
Search fields (examples)

TI= Title (lemmatization is turned off in this field by using quotes or exact search)

e.g., TI=(Therapy) retrieves records in which therapy (or related terms based on lemmatization and spelling variants) is in the title

TS = Topic - searches Title, Abstract, Author Keywords, and Keywords Plus (lemmatization is turned off in this field by using quotes or exact search)

ALL = All fields (lemmatization can be turned off in this field by using quotes or exact search)

AB = Abstract (lemmatization is not turned off in this field by using quotes or exact search)

AK = Author keywords (lemmatization is turned off in this field by using quotes or exact search)

KP = Keywords Plus (lemmatization is turned off in this field by using quotes or exact search)

AD = Address (more information)

AU = Author (more information)

PY = Year Published

Subject
headings

Not available

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