Arberry, A. J. (1967). Aspects of Islamic civilization, as depicted in the original texts. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, 1967. Print.
Black, A. (2001). The history of Islamic political thought: From the Prophet to the present. New York: Routledge. Electronic resource.
Calder, N., Mojaddedi, J. A., & Rippin, A. (2003). Classical Islam: A sourcebook of religious literature. New York: Routledge. Print.
Eaton, R. M. (2002). India's Islamic traditions, 711-1750. Oxford in India readings. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Print.
Endress, G. (1988). An introduction to Islam. New York: Columbia University Press. Print.
Denny, Frederick Mathewson (1994). An introduction to Islam. New York : Macmillan Pub. Co. Print.
Ga’tje, H. (1996). The Qur’ān and its exegesis: selected texts with classical and modern Muslim interpretations. Rockport, Me: Oneworld Publications. Print.
Goldziher, I., & Lewis, B. (1981). Introduction to Islamic theology and law. Modern classics in Near Eastern studies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Print.
Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1974). The venture of Islam: conscience and history in a world civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3 vols. Print.
Jeffery, A. (1987). A reader on Islam: passages from standard Arabic writings illustrative of the beliefs and practices of Muslims. Salem, New Hampshire: Ayer. Print.
Lapidus, I. M. (1988). A history of Islamic societies. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. Print.
Lewis, B. (1993). Islam in history: Ideas, people, and events in the Middle East. Chicago: Open Court. Print.
Maudoodi, S. A. (1960). Towards understanding Islam. Jamaica, Queens, N.Y.: Islamic Circle of North America, 1960. Print.
Nasr, S. H. (1981). Islamic life and thought. Albany: State University of New York Press. Print.
Ostle, R. (2008). Sensibilities of the Islamic Mediterranean: Self-expression in a Muslim culture from post-classical times to the present day. The Islamic Mediterranean, 7. London: I.B. Tauris. Electronic resource.
Peters, F. E. (1993). A Reader on classical Islam. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Electronic resource.
Renard, J. (1998). Windows on the house of Islam: Muslim sources on spirituality and religious life. Berkeley: University of California Press. Print.
Smith, H. (2001). Islam: a concise introduction. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. Electronic resource.
Watt, W. M. (1979). What is Islam? London ; New York : Longman ; Beirut : Librairie du Liban. Print.